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Notes:


This helicopter is a military Black Hawk. In this case it's flying with its Air Traffic Control transponder on and flightradar24's track shows it heading to Concord and passed almost directly over my house.

I derived the equation, it appears to not be well known, and it gave me a surprisingly good match to the helicopter's speed.

Note that at low speed (fa – fd) will be small and that's why the equation gives a low speed.

If a helicopter could get close to Mach 1, fa becomes very large and fd approaches ½ of the base frequency so the fraction becomes close to 1.